Signal detection methods have been used to measure the differences in how perception adjusts to low-light environments. Research on spectral sensitivity of the rod receptors (scattered throughout the retina) and cone visual receptors (mainly concentrated in the fovea area of the retina) highlights the relationship between perception and physiology. Researchers studying vision use various methods to investigate human perceptual experience. both postconventional and preconventional equally If the data pattern steadied out at 17 years old, which level would be demonstrated by the greatest proportion of responders? In each graph, the proportion of responders tested who showed the indicated level of moral reasoning is shown on the y-axis and the age of the responders is shown on the x-axis. The following figure depicts the moral reasoning levels that Kohlberg found within each age group on his scale. For example, participants were asked to respond to a story in which a poor man named Heinz steals a drug for his wife who would die without the drug. Kohlberg identified these levels based on participants’ reactions to stories that present moral dilemmas. One such approach is Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory that individuals progress through three levels of morality: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. In psychology, research examining moral development has typically focused on age-related differences. Based on the figure and the concept of operant conditioning, which type of response leads to an increased cumulative response and is MOST likely to result in a more persistent conditioned response? Time is displayed on the x-axis and cumulative responses (bar presses) is displayed on the y-axis. The reinforcement schedule differs in each cell of the figure. During these trials, when a rat pressed a bar (as indicated by the hash mark on the graph), the behavior was reinforced by the presentation of a food pellet. The following figure shows a hypothetical example of various operant conditioning trials. Studies from both comparative and human psychology have supported Skinner’s initial findings and expanded upon them. Skinner, operant conditioning posits that learning can be understood by the interaction between reinforcers and stimuli. Questions 5–9 are based on the following passage.ĭescribed by the psychologist B.
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